Table 3. Odds ratios of prostate cancer associated with servings of fruits and vegetables

Servings per week
 No. of participants
 Odds ratio (95% confidence interval)
Unadjusted
 Adjusted for covariates*
 Adjusted for covariates* + total fruits or vegetables{dagger}
Case
 Control
Total fruit, 5-a-Day method Not applicable
 <3.5 120 109 1.00 (referent) 1.00 (referent)
 3.5-6.9 167 167 0.91 (0.65-1.27) 0.94 (0.64-1.37)
 7-13.9 212 182 1.06 (0.76-1.47) 0.96 (0.66-1.39)
 >=14 129 144 0.81 (0.57-1.16) 0.80 (0.53-1.23)
  P for trend{ddagger} .47 .38
Total fruit, simple summation Not applicable
 <7 128 133 1.00 (referent) 1.00 (referent)
 7-13.9 206 190 1.13 (0.82-1.54) 1.19 (0.84-1.69)
 14-20.9 143 138 1.08 (0.77-1.51) 1.07 (0.73-1.57)
 >=21 151 141 1.11 (0.80-1.56) 1.07 (0.72-1.60)
  P for trend{ddagger} .65 .96
   Citrus fruit
    <1 347 334 1.00 (referent) 1.00 (referent) 1.00 (referent)
    1-2.9 167 152 1.11 (0.85-1.45) 1.09 (0.81-1.46) 1.07 (0.79-1.45)
    >=3 114 116 0.97 (0.72-1.31) 0.93 (0.66-1.30) 0.89 (0.60-1.31)
     P for trend{ddagger} .84 .81 .70
   Citrus juice
    <1 214 201 1.00 (referent) 1.00 (referent) 1.00 (referent)
    1-2.9 126 137 0.96 (0.70-1.30) 0.82 (0.58-1.15) 0.81 (0.56-1.15)
    >=3 288 264 1.09 (0.85-1.40) 1.00 (0.75-1.35) 1.00 (0.73-1.38)
     P for trend .79 .91 .96
   Other fruit
    <3.5 98 96 1.00 (referent) 1.00 (referent) 1.00 (referent)
    3.5-6.9 129 139 0.91 (0.63-1.32) 0.89 (0.59-1.35) 0.89 (0.59-1.36)
    7-13.9 230 214 1.05 (0.75-1.48) 0.95 (0.65-1.39) 0.95 (0.62-1.45)
    >=14 171 153 1.10 (0.77-1.56) 0.99 (0.65-1.50) 0.99 (0.54-1.80)
     P for trend{ddagger} .39 .91 .99
Total vegetables, 5-a-Day method Not applicable
 <7 99 81 1.00 (referent) 1.00 (referent)
 7-13.9 252 253 0.82 (0.58-1.15) 0.68 (0.46-1.00)
 14-20.9 189 165 0.94 (0.65-1.34) 0.76 (0.50-1.16)
 >=21 88 103 0.70 (0.46-1.05) 0.52 (0.31-0.84)
  P for trend{ddagger} .27 .05
Total vegetables, simple summation Not applicable
 <14 198 167 1.00 (referent) 1.00 (referent)
 14-20.9 150 155 0.82 (0.60-1.11) 0.75 (0.53-1.05)
 21-27.9 115 109 0.89 (0.64-1.24) 0.83 (0.56-1.21)
 >=28 165 171 0.81 (0.60-1.10) 0.65 (0.45-0.94)
  P for trend{ddagger} .15 .01
   Cruciferous vegetables
    <1 209 172 1.00 (referent) 1.00 (referent) 1.00 (referent)
    1-2.9 269 245 0.90 (0.69-1.18) 0.81 (0.60-1.10) 0.84 (0.61-1.14)
    >=3 150 185 0.67 (0.50-0.90) 0.54 (0.38-0.76) 0.59 (0.39-0.90)
     P for trend .01 .01 .02
   Green leafy vegetables
    <1 537 503 1.00 (referent) 1.00 (referent) 1.00 (referent)
    1-2.9 71 78 0.88 (0.62-1.24) 0.68 (0.46-1.00) 0.75 (0.50-1.11)
    >=3 20 21 0.94 (0.50-1.78) 0.83 (0.40-1.71) 1.06 (0.49-2.26)
     P for trend .40 .10 .41
   Carrots
    <1 303 277 1.00 (referent) 1.00 (referent) 1.00 (referent)
    1-2.9 233 217 1.00 (0.78-1.28) 0.86 (0.65-1.14) 0.93 (0.69-1.26)
    >=3 92 108 0.76 (0.55-1.06) 0.66 (0.45-0.96) 0.80 (0.52-1.24)
     P for trend .19 .03 .35
   Beans
    <1 445 412 1.00 (referent) 1.00 (referent) 1.00 (referent)
    1-2.9 151 150 0.93 (0.72-1.21) 0.96 (0.71-1.29) 1.05 (0.77-1.43)
    >=3 32 40 0.74 (0.45-1.19) 0.69 (0.39-1.19) 0.86 (0.48-1.54)
     P for trend .24 .27 .88
   Cooked tomatoes
    <1 342 309 1.00 (referent) 1.00 (referent) 1.00 (referent)
    1-2.9 222 214 0.94 (0.74-1.20) 0.89 (0.68-1.17) 0.97 (0.73-1.30)
    >=3 64 79 0.73 (0.51-1.05) 0.73 (0.48-1.10) 0.90 (0.57-1.42)
     P for trend .12 .13 .68
   Raw tomatoes
    <1 241 242 1.00 (referent) 1.00 (referent) 1.00 (referent)
    1-2.9 241 209 1.16 (0.90-1.50) 1.07 (0.80-1.43) 1.20 (0.89-1.62)
    >=3 146 151 0.97 (0.73-1.30) 0.93 (0.67-1.30) 1.22 (0.83-1.80)
     P for trend .99 .76 .26
   Other vegetables
    <7 126 100 1.00 (referent) 1.00 (referent) 1.00 (referent)
    7-13.9 234 241 0.77 (0.56-1.06) 0.66 (0.46-0.95) 0.81 (0.54-1.21)
    14-20.9 172 165 0.83 (0.59-1.16) 0.79 (0.53-1.17) 1.22 (0.70-2.11)
    >=21 96 96 079 (0.54-1.17) 0.56 (0.35-0.91) 1.19 (0.53-2.66)
     P for trend .38 .10 .38

* Fat, energy, race, age, family history of prostate cancer, body mass index, prostate-specific antigen tests in previous 5 years, and education.

{dagger} Total servings of fruit or total servings of vegetables calculated by simple summation.

{ddagger} Two-sided P value of test for trend determined by modeling category of intake as an ordinal variable in a logistic regression model.

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