Researchers in the Cardiovascular Health Study report the following factors statistically significantly and independently associated with mortality:
- Increasing age
- Male sex
- Income less than $50,000/year
- Low weight
- Lack of moderate or vigorous exercise
- Smoking for more than 50 pack-years
- High brachial (>169mmHg) and low tibial (<127 mmHg) systolic blood pressure
- Diuretic use by those without hypertension or congestive heart failure
- Elevated fasting glucose level (>7.2 mmol/L [130mg/dL])
- Low albumin level (=<37g/L)
- Elevated creatine level (>=106 micromol/l [1.2 mg/dL])
- Low forced vital capacity (=<2.06 mL)
- Aortic stenosis (moderate or severe) and abnormal left ventricular ejection fraction (by echocardiography)
- Major electrocardiograph abnormality
- Stenosis of the internal carotid artery (by ultrasound)
- Congestive heart failure
- Difficulty in any instrumental activity of daily living
- Low cognitive function by Digit Symbol Substitution test score
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